Modularity produces small-world networks with dynamical time-scale separation

The functional consequences of local and global dynamics can be very different in natural systems. Many such systems have a network description that exhibits strong local clustering as well as high communication efficiency, often termed as small-world networks (SWN). We show that modular organization in otherwise random networks generically give rise to SWN, with a characteristic time-scale separation between fast intra-modular and slow inter-modular processes. The universality of this dynamical signature, that distinguishes modular networks from earlier models of SWN, is demonstrated by processes as different as spin-ordering, synchronization and diffusion.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures. Published version, Results and figures of additional dynamics have been include

Detecting the footprint of selection on the genomes of Murciano-Granadina goats

Artificial selection is one of the major forces modifying the genetic composition of livestock populations. Identifying genes under selection could be useful to elucidate their impact on phenotypic variation. We aimed to identify genomic regions targeted by selection for dairy and pigmentation traits in Murciano-Granadina goats. Performance of a selection scan based on the integrated haplotype score test in a population of 1183 Murciano-Granadina goats resulted in the identification of 77 candidate genomic regions/SNPs. The most significant selective sweeps mapped to chromosomes 1 (69.86 Mb), 4 (41.80–49.95 Mb), 11 (65.74 Mb), 12 (31.24 and 52.51 Mb), 17 (34.76–37.67 Mb), 22 (31.75 Mb), and 26 (26.69–31.05 Mb). By using previously generated RNA-Seq data, we built a catalogue of 6414 genes that are differentially expressed across goat lactation (i.e. 78 days post-partum, early lactation; 216 days post-partum, late lactation; 285 days post-partum, dry period). Interestingly, 183 of these genes mapped to selective sweeps and several of them display functions related with lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, insulin signaling, cell proliferation, as well as mammary development and involution. Of particular interest are the CSN3 and CSN1S2 genes, which encode two major milk proteins. Additionally, we found three pigmentation genes (GLI3, MC1R, and MITF) co-localizing with selective sweeps. Performance of a genome-wide association study and Sanger sequencing and TaqMan genotyping experiments revealed that the c.801C>G (p.Cys267Trp) polymorphism in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene is the main determinant of the black (GG or GC genotypes) and brown (CC genotypes) colorations of Murciano-Granadina goats

A genome-wide association analysis for body, udder, and leg conformation traits recorded in Murciano-Granadina goats

Morphological traits are of great importance to dairy goat production given their effect on phenotypes of economic interest. However, their underlying genomic architecture has not yet been extensively characterized. Herein, we aimed to identify genomic regions associated with body, udder, and leg conformation traits recorded in 825 Murciano-Granadina goats. We genotyped this resource population using the GoatSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) and performed genome-wide association analyses using the GEMMA software. We found 2 genome-wide significant associations between markers rs268273468 [Capra hircus (CHI) 16:69617700] and rs268249346 (CHI 28:18321523) and medial suspensory ligament. In contrast, we did not detect any genome-wide significant associations for body and leg traits. Moreover, we found 12, 19, and 7 chromosome-wide significant associations for udder, body, and leg traits, respectively. Comparison of our data with previous studies revealed a low level of positional concordance between regions associated with morphological traits. In addition to technical factors, this lack of concordance could be due to a substantial level of genetic heterogeneity among breeds or to the strong polygenic background of morphological traits, which makes it difficult to detect genetic factors that have small phenotypic effects

University Observatory Of Intellectual Property

La protección de la Propiedad Intelectual y la Propiedad Industrial es muy poco utilizada dentro de las Universidades por los investigadores tanto para la protección de sus desarrollos, o bien como fuente de información estratégica, sin embargo no existe un registro sistematizado del conocimiento generado por las investigaciones en las universidades ya que la información se encuentra atomizada en diversas fuentes de información, como revistas, memorias de congresos, carteles, entre otros, este fenómeno se da principalmente en México. El Observatorio sirve como instrumento para establecer comparaciones; detectar tendencias; difundir y facilitar información de las diversas figuras de propiedad industrial e intelectual en la Universidad. La estructura del Observatorio se conforma por: el Entorno, los Parámetros involucrados, los Procesos que intervienen, así como las Variables e Indicadores que aporten los datos cuantitativos y/o cualitativos que componen lo integran, para facilitar la toma de decisiones. Con base en lo anterior, fue diseñado el Observatorio Estratégico de la Propiedad Intelectual (OEPI), un Sistema Integral de Información consistente en el acopio por vía terminal electrónica de datos relacionados con la propiedad intelectual, con el objetivo de resolver problemáticas relacionadas con la captura, sistematización y uso crítico de información para la toma de decisiones.In the universities, the protection of Intellectual Property isn’t used by researchers. As to protect their developments or a source of strategic information, however there is no systematic record of such claims because, mainly in Mexico the information is not systematic. The establishment of an Observatory of intellectual property can boost research, technology development in the pharmaceutical area, as well as promote their culture at the University. The Observatory permit comparisons studies, identify trends, disseminate information and facilitate the figures of intellectual property in the University. On the other hand, is made up of an inventory that allows traceability of how and where knowledge is generated and how the universities have been moving to a culture of intellectual property. The Observatory is an Integral Information System based in the collection of data by electronic capture. With the Observatory resolving issues related to the collection, systematization and use of intellectual property information about critical to decision making

Covalently bonded three-dimensional carbon nanotube solids via boron induced nanojunctions

The establishment of covalent junctions between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the modification of their straight tubular morphology are two strategies needed to successfully synthesize nanotube-based three-dimensional (3D) frameworks exhibiting superior material properties. Engineering such 3D structures in scalable synthetic processes still remains a challenge. This work pioneers the bulk synthesis of 3D macroscale nanotube elastic solids directly via a boron-doping strategy during chemical vapour deposition, which influences the formation of atomic-scale “elbow” junctions and nanotube covalent interconnections. Detailed elemental analysis revealed that the “elbow” junctions are preferred sites for excess boron atoms, indicating the role of boron and curvature in the junction formation mechanism, in agreement with our first principle theoretical calculations. Exploiting this material’s ultra-light weight, super-hydrophobicity, high porosity, thermal stability, and mechanical flexibility, the strongly oleophilic sponge-like solids are demonstrated as unique reusable sorbent scaffolds able to efficiently remove oil from contaminated seawater even after repeated use

The XMM deep survey in the CDF-S III. Point source catalogue and number counts in the hard X-rays

Nuclear obscuration plays a key role in the initial phases of AGN growth, yet not many highly obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) are currently known beyond the local Universe, and their search is an active topic of research. The XMM-Newton survey in the Chandra Deep Field South (XMM-CDFS) aims at detecting and studying the spectral properties of a significant number of obscured and Compton-thick (NH ≳ 1024 cm-2) AGN. The large effective area of XMM-Newton in the 2–10 and 5–10 keV bands, coupled with a 3.45 Ms nominal exposure time (2.82 and 2.45 Ms after light curve cleaning for MOS and PN, respectively), allows us to build clean samples in both bands, and makes the XMM-CDFS the deepest XMM-Newton survey currently published in the 5–10 keV band. The large multi-wavelength and spectroscopic coverage of the CDFS area allows for an immediate and abundant scientific return. In this paper, we present the data reduction of the XMM-CDFS observations, the method for source detection in the 2–10 and 5–10 keV bands, and the resulting catalogues. A number of 339 and 137 sources are listed in the above bands with flux limits of 6.6 × 10-16 and 9.5 × 10-16 erg s-1 cm-2, respectively. The flux limits at 50% of the maximum sky coverage are 1.8 × 10-15 and 4.0 × 10-15 erg s-1 cm-2, respectively. The catalogues have been cross-correlated with the Chandra ones: 315 and 130 identifications have been found with a likelihood-ratio method, respectively. A number of 15 new sources, previously undetected by Chandra, is found; 5 of them lie in the 4 Ms area. Redshifts, either spectroscopic or photometric, are available for ~ 95% of the sources. The number counts in both bands are presented and compared to other works. The survey coverage has been calculated with the help of two extensive sets of simulations, one set per band. The simulations have been produced with a newly-developed simulator, written with the aim of the most careful reproduction of the background spatial properties. For this reason, we present a detailed decomposition of the XMM-Newton background into its components: cosmic, particle, and residual soft protons.The three components have different spatial distributions. The importance of these three components depends on the band and on the camera; the particle background is the most important one (80–90% of the background counts), followed by the soft protons (4–20%)

Dirty black holes: Quasinormal modes

In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic nature of the quasinormal modes for "dirty" black holes -- generic static and spherically symmetric spacetimes for which a central black hole is surrounded by arbitrary "matter" fields. We demonstrate that, to the leading asymptotic order, the [imaginary] spacing between modes is precisely equal to the surface gravity, independent of the specifics of the black hole system. Our analytical method is based on locating the complex poles in the first Born approximation for the scattering amplitude. We first verify that our formalism agrees, asymptotically, with previous studies on the Schwarzschild black hole. The analysis is then generalized to more exotic black hole geometries. We also extend considerations to spacetimes with two horizons and briefly discuss the degenerate-horizon scenario.Comment: 15 pages; uses iopart.cls setstack.sty; V2: one additional reference added, no physics changes; V3: two extra references, minor changes in response to referee comment

Measurement of masses in the [Formula: see text] system by kinematic endpoints in pp collisions at [Formula: see text].

A simultaneous measurement of the top-quark, W-boson, and neutrino masses is reported for [Formula: see text] events selected in the dilepton final state from a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb-1 collected by the CMS experiment in pp collisions at [Formula: see text]. The analysis is based on endpoint determinations in kinematic distributions. When the neutrino and W-boson masses are constrained to their world-average values, a top-quark mass value of [Formula: see text] is obtained. When such constraints are not used, the three particle masses are obtained in a simultaneous fit. In this unconstrained mode the study serves as a test of mass determination methods that may be used in beyond standard model physics scenarios where several masses in a decay chain may be unknown and undetected particles lead to underconstrained kinematics

Search for supersymmetry in hadronic final states with missing transverse energy using the variables αT and b-quark multiplicity in pp collisions at [Formula: see text].

An inclusive search for supersymmetric processes that produce final states with jets and missing transverse energy is performed in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 11.7 fb-1 collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. In this search, a dimensionless kinematic variable, αT, is used to discriminate between events with genuine and misreconstructed missing transverse energy. The search is based on an examination of the number of reconstructed jets per event, the scalar sum of transverse energies of these jets, and the number of these jets identified as originating from bottom quarks. No significant excess of events over the standard model expectation is found. Exclusion limits are set in the parameter space of simplified models, with a special emphasis on both compressed-spectrum scenarios and direct or gluino-induced production of third-generation squarks. For the case of gluino-mediated squark production, gluino masses up to 950-1125 GeV are excluded depending on the assumed model. For the direct pair-production of squarks, masses up to 450 GeV are excluded for a single light first- or second-generation squark, increasing to 600 GeV for bottom squarks

Seeking legitimacy through CSR: Institutional Pressures and Corporate Responses of Multinationals in Sri Lanka

Arguably, the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of multinational enterprises (MNEs) are influenced by a wide range of both internal and external factors. Perhaps most critical among the exogenous forces operating on MNEs are those exerted by state and other key institutional actors in host countries. Crucially, academic research conducted to date offers little data about how MNEs use their CSR activities to strategically manage their relationship with those actors in order to gain legitimisation advantages in host countries. This paper addresses that gap by exploring interactions between external institutional pressures and firm-level CSR activities, which take the form of community initiatives, to examine how MNEs develop their legitimacy-seeking policies and practices. In focusing on a developing country, Sri Lanka, this paper provides valuable insights into how MNEs instrumentally utilise community initiatives in a country where relationship-building with governmental and other powerful non-governmental actors can be vitally important for the long-term viability of the business. Drawing on neo-institutional theory and CSR literature, this paper examines and contributes to the embryonic but emerging debate about the instrumental and political implications of CSR. The evidence presented and discussed here reveals the extent to which, and the reasons why, MNEs engage in complex legitimacy-seeking relationships with Sri Lankan institutions